GALAXY
Markarian's Chain
— Messier 84, Messier 86, NGC 4477, NGC 4473, NGC 4461,
NGC 4458, NGC 4438 and NGC 4435 —

Processed by Nicolas Rolland, Paris. 14 hours gathered by Grand Mesa Observatory at Whitewater, Colorado, USA.
One of these galaxies is coming towards us at 244 kilometres a second, and the cluster it belongs to is not.
A chain, and the man who saw it
Markarian's Chain is a curving line of galaxies at the heart of the Virgo Cluster, some 54 million light-years away. The Armenian astrophysicist Benjamin Markarian identified it in the early 1960s — not by its shape, which anyone with a telescope can see, but by measuring how its members move: several of them travel through space in the same direction at the same rate, which an accidental line of sight would not produce. Eight galaxies make up the chain: Messier 84, Messier 86, NGC 4477, NGC 4473, NGC 4461, NGC 4458, NGC 4438 and NGC 4435.
Ellipticals and lenticulars, no spirals
Every member of the chain is elliptical or lenticular. Not one is a spiral with open arms and active star formation, and that absence is the record of where they live. The centre of a rich cluster strips its galaxies: repeated close passes pull the gas out of them, star formation stops for want of material, and the disc structure smooths into a featureless bulge. These are galaxies that have already been through it, and the chain is what is left when a cluster has finished with a line of them.
Messier 86 is coming the wrong way
Almost everything in the universe is receding from us, and the Virgo Cluster is no exception — it moves away at around a thousand kilometres a second. Messier 86 does not. Its light is shifted towards the blue, which means it is approaching, at roughly 244 kilometres a second, and it is one of the very few objects in the Messier catalogue of which that is true. The explanation is not that the cluster is wrong: Messier 86 is falling through it from the far side, and its own motion inward is fast enough to cancel the recession and reverse it. What the chain looks like from here is a line. What at least one of its members is doing is crossing.
Fourteen hours in two-minute frames
A Takahashi FSQ130 at f/5 with a monochrome sensor, from Whitewater in April 2021. Fourteen hours built from 421 frames of two minutes each — very short subframes for a target this faint, which is what a low-read-noise sensor allows and what a field holding several bright galaxies requires. The result carries the chain across 3.2 degrees. What it does not carry is the evidence of the collision: a filament of ionised hydrogen runs between NGC 4438 and Messier 86, and it shows only in H-alpha. No narrowband frame was taken, so the one visible link between two of these galaxies is present in the field and absent from the image. Grand Mesa Observatory gathered the data at Whitewater.